Articles | Volume 29, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-29-171-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-29-171-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Using neural networks to improve simulations in the gray zone
Raphael Kriegmair
Meteorological Institute Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Yvonne Ruckstuhl
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Meteorological Institute Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Stephan Rasp
ClimateAi, Inc., San Francisco, USA
George Craig
Meteorological Institute Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Oriol Tintó Prims, Robert Redl, Marc Rautenhaus, Tobias Selz, Takumi Matsunobu, Kameswar Rao Modali, and George Craig
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8909–8925, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8909-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8909-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Advanced compression techniques can drastically reduce the size of meteorological datasets (by 5 to 150 times) without compromising the data's scientific value. We developed a user-friendly tool called
enstools-compressionthat makes this compression simple for Earth scientists. This tool works seamlessly with common weather and climate data formats. Our work shows that lossy compression can significantly improve how researchers store and analyze large meteorological datasets.
Konstantin Krüger, Andreas Schäfler, Martin Weissmann, and George C. Craig
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 491–509, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-491-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-491-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Initial conditions of current numerical weather prediction models insufficiently represent the sharp vertical gradients across the midlatitude tropopause. Observation-space data assimilation output is used to study the influence of assimilated radiosondes on the tropopause. The radiosondes reduce systematic biases of the model background and sharpen temperature and wind gradients in the analysis. Tropopause sharpness is still underestimated in the analysis, which may impact weather forecasts.
Hyunju Jung, Peter Knippertz, Yvonne Ruckstuhl, Robert Redl, Tijana Janjic, and Corinna Hoose
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 1111–1134, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-1111-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-1111-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A narrow rainfall belt in the tropics is an important feature for large-scale circulations and the global water cycle. The accurate simulation of this rainfall feature has been a long-standing problem, with the reasons behind that unclear. We present a novel diagnostic tool that allows us to disentangle processes important for rainfall, which changes due to modifications in model. Using our diagnostic tool, one can potentially identify sources of uncertainty in weather and climate models.
Andreas A. Beckert, Lea Eisenstein, Annika Oertel, Tim Hewson, George C. Craig, and Marc Rautenhaus
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4427–4450, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4427-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4427-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the benefit of objective 3-D front detection with modern interactive visual analysis techniques for case studies of extra-tropical cyclones and comparisons of frontal structures between different numerical weather prediction models. The 3-D frontal structures show agreement with 2-D fronts from surface analysis charts and augment them in the vertical dimension. We see great potential for more complex studies of atmospheric dynamics and for operational weather forecasting.
Andreas Alexander Beckert, Lea Eisenstein, Annika Oertel, Timothy Hewson, George C. Craig, and Marc Rautenhaus
Weather Clim. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2022-36, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2022-36, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This study revises and extends a previously presented 3-D objective front detection method and demonstrates its benefits to analyse weather dynamics in numerical simulation data. Based on two case studies of extratropical cyclones, we demonstrate the evaluation of conceptual models from dynamic meteorology, illustrate the benefits of our interactive analysis approach by comparing fronts in data with different model resolutions, and study the impact of convection on fronts.
Yvonne Ruckstuhl, Tijana Janjić, and Stephan Rasp
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 28, 111–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-111-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-111-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The assimilation of observations using standard algorithms can lead to a violation of physical laws (e.g. mass conservation), which is shown to have a detrimental impact on the system's forecast. We use a neural network (NN) to correct this mass violation, using training data generated from expensive algorithms that can constrain such physical properties. We found that, in an idealized set-up, the NN can match the performance of these expensive algorithms at negligible computational costs.
Related subject area
Subject: Time series, machine learning, networks, stochastic processes, extreme events | Topic: Climate, atmosphere, ocean, hydrology, cryosphere, biosphere | Techniques: Big data and artificial intelligence
Learning extreme vegetation response to climate drivers with recurrent neural networks
Representation learning with unconditional denoising diffusion models for dynamical systems
Characterisation of Dansgaard–Oeschger events in palaeoclimate time series using the matrix profile method
Evaluation of forecasts by a global data-driven weather model with and without probabilistic post-processing at Norwegian stations
The sampling method for optimal precursors of El Niño–Southern Oscillation events
A comparison of two causal methods in the context of climate analyses
A two-fold deep-learning strategy to correct and downscale winds over mountains
Downscaling of surface wind forecasts using convolutional neural networks
Data-driven methods to estimate the committor function in conceptual ocean models
Exploring meteorological droughts' spatial patterns across Europe through complex network theory
Integrated hydrodynamic and machine learning models for compound flooding prediction in a data-scarce estuarine delta
Predicting sea surface temperatures with coupled reservoir computers
The blessing of dimensionality for the analysis of climate data
Producing realistic climate data with generative adversarial networks
Identification of droughts and heatwaves in Germany with regional climate networks
Extracting statistically significant eddy signals from large Lagrangian datasets using wavelet ridge analysis, with application to the Gulf of Mexico
Ensemble-based statistical interpolation with Gaussian anamorphosis for the spatial analysis of precipitation
Applications of matrix factorization methods to climate data
Detecting dynamical anomalies in time series from different palaeoclimate proxy archives using windowed recurrence network analysis
Remember the past: a comparison of time-adaptive training schemes for non-homogeneous regression
Francesco Martinuzzi, Miguel D. Mahecha, Gustau Camps-Valls, David Montero, Tristan Williams, and Karin Mora
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 31, 535–557, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-535-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-535-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how machine learning can forecast extreme vegetation responses to weather. Examining four models, no single one stood out as the best, though "echo state networks" showed minor advantages. Our results indicate that while these tools are able to generally model vegetation states, they face challenges under extreme conditions. This underlines the potential of artificial intelligence in ecosystem modeling, also pinpointing areas that need further research.
Tobias Sebastian Finn, Lucas Disson, Alban Farchi, Marc Bocquet, and Charlotte Durand
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 31, 409–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-409-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-409-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We train neural networks as denoising diffusion models for state generation in the Lorenz 1963 system and demonstrate that they learn an internal representation of the system. We make use of this learned representation and the pre-trained model in two downstream tasks: surrogate modelling and ensemble generation. For both tasks, the diffusion model can outperform other more common approaches. Thus, we see a potential of representation learning with diffusion models for dynamical systems.
Susana Barbosa, Maria Eduarda Silva, and Denis-Didier Rousseau
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 31, 433–447, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The characterisation of abrupt transitions in palaeoclimate records allows understanding of millennial climate variability and potential tipping points in the context of current climate change. In our study an algorithmic method, the matrix profile, is employed to characterise abrupt warmings designated as Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events and to identify the most similar transitions in the palaeoclimate time series.
John Bjørnar Bremnes, Thomas N. Nipen, and Ivar A. Seierstad
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 31, 247–257, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-247-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-247-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During the last 2 years, tremendous progress has been made in global data-driven weather models trained on reanalysis data. In this study, the Pangu-Weather model is compared to several numerical weather prediction models with and without probabilistic post-processing for temperature and wind speed forecasting. The results confirm that global data-driven models are promising for operational weather forecasting and that post-processing can improve these forecasts considerably.
Bin Shi and Junjie Ma
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 31, 165–174, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Different from traditional deterministic optimization algorithms, we implement the sampling method to compute the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbations (CNOPs) in the realistic and predictive coupled ocean–atmosphere model, which reduces the first-order information to the zeroth-order one, avoiding the high-cost computation of the gradient. The numerical performance highlights the importance of stochastic optimization algorithms to compute CNOPs and capture initial optimal precursors.
David Docquier, Giorgia Di Capua, Reik V. Donner, Carlos A. L. Pires, Amélie Simon, and Stéphane Vannitsem
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 31, 115–136, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-115-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-115-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Identifying causes of specific processes is crucial in order to better understand our climate system. Traditionally, correlation analyses have been used to identify cause–effect relationships in climate studies. However, correlation does not imply causation, which justifies the need to use causal methods. We compare two independent causal methods and show that these are superior to classical correlation analyses. We also find some interesting differences between the two methods.
Louis Le Toumelin, Isabelle Gouttevin, Clovis Galiez, and Nora Helbig
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 31, 75–97, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-75-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-75-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Forecasting wind fields over mountains is of high importance for several applications and particularly for understanding how wind erodes and disperses snow. Forecasters rely on operational wind forecasts over mountains, which are currently only available on kilometric scales. These forecasts can also be affected by errors of diverse origins. Here we introduce a new strategy based on artificial intelligence to correct large-scale wind forecasts in mountains and increase their spatial resolution.
Florian Dupuy, Pierre Durand, and Thierry Hedde
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 30, 553–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-30-553-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-30-553-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Forecasting near-surface winds over complex terrain requires high-resolution numerical weather prediction models, which drastically increase the duration of simulations and hinder them in running on a routine basis. A faster alternative is statistical downscaling. We explore different ways of calculating near-surface wind speed and direction using artificial intelligence algorithms based on various convolutional neural networks in order to find the best approach for wind downscaling.
Valérian Jacques-Dumas, René M. van Westen, Freddy Bouchet, and Henk A. Dijkstra
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 30, 195–216, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-30-195-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-30-195-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Computing the probability of occurrence of rare events is relevant because of their high impact but also difficult due to the lack of data. Rare event algorithms are designed for that task, but their efficiency relies on a score function that is hard to compute. We compare four methods that compute this function from data and measure their performance to assess which one would be best suited to be applied to a climate model. We find neural networks to be most robust and flexible for this task.
Domenico Giaquinto, Warner Marzocchi, and Jürgen Kurths
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 30, 167–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-30-167-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-30-167-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Despite being among the most severe climate extremes, it is still challenging to assess droughts’ features for specific regions. In this paper we study meteorological droughts in Europe using concepts derived from climate network theory. By exploring the synchronization in droughts occurrences across the continent we unveil regional clusters which are individually examined to identify droughts’ geographical propagation and source–sink systems, which could potentially support droughts’ forecast.
Joko Sampurno, Valentin Vallaeys, Randy Ardianto, and Emmanuel Hanert
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 29, 301–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-29-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-29-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we successfully built and evaluated machine learning models for predicting water level dynamics as a proxy for compound flooding hazards in a data-scarce delta. The issues that we tackled here are data scarcity and low computational resources for building flood forecasting models. The proposed approach is suitable for use by local water management agencies in developing countries that encounter these issues.
Benjamin Walleshauser and Erik Bollt
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 29, 255–264, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-29-255-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-29-255-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As sea surface temperature (SST) is vital for understanding the greater climate of the Earth and is also an important variable in weather prediction, we propose a model that effectively capitalizes on the reduced complexity of machine learning models while still being able to efficiently predict over a large spatial domain. We find that it is proficient at predicting the SST at specific locations as well as over the greater domain of the Earth’s oceans.
Bo Christiansen
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 28, 409–422, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-409-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-409-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In geophysics we often need to analyse large samples of high-dimensional fields. Fortunately but counterintuitively, such high dimensionality can be a blessing, and we demonstrate how this allows simple analytical results to be derived. These results include estimates of correlations between sample members and how the sample mean depends on the sample size. We show that the properties of high dimensionality with success can be applied to climate fields, such as those from ensemble modelling.
Camille Besombes, Olivier Pannekoucke, Corentin Lapeyre, Benjamin Sanderson, and Olivier Thual
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 28, 347–370, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-347-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-347-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the potential of a type of deep generative neural network to produce realistic weather situations when trained from the climate of a general circulation model. The generator represents the climate in a compact latent space. It is able to reproduce many aspects of the targeted multivariate distribution. Some properties of our method open new perspectives such as the exploration of the extremes close to a given state or how to connect two realistic weather states.
Gerd Schädler and Marcus Breil
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 28, 231–245, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-231-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-231-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used regional climate networks (RCNs) to identify past heatwaves and droughts in Germany. RCNs provide information for whole areas and can provide many details of extreme events. The RCNs were constructed on the grid of the E-OBS data set. Time series correlation was used to construct the networks. Network metrics were compared to standard extreme indices and differed considerably between normal and extreme years. The results show that RCNs can identify severe and moderate extremes.
Jonathan M. Lilly and Paula Pérez-Brunius
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 28, 181–212, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-181-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-181-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Long-lived eddies are an important part of the ocean circulation. Here a dataset for studying eddies in the Gulf of Mexico is created through the analysis of trajectories of drifting instruments. The method involves the identification of quasi-periodic signals, characteristic of particles trapped in eddies, from the displacement records, followed by the creation of a measure of statistical significance. It is expected that this dataset will be of use to other authors studying this region.
Cristian Lussana, Thomas N. Nipen, Ivar A. Seierstad, and Christoffer A. Elo
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 28, 61–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-61-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-61-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An unprecedented amount of rainfall data is available nowadays, such as ensemble model output, weather radar estimates, and in situ observations from networks of both traditional and opportunistic sensors. Nevertheless, the exact amount of precipitation, to some extent, eludes our knowledge. The objective of our study is precipitation reconstruction through the combination of numerical model outputs with observations from multiple data sources.
Dylan Harries and Terence J. O'Kane
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 27, 453–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-27-453-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-27-453-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Different dimension reduction methods may produce profoundly different low-dimensional representations of multiscale systems. We perform a set of case studies to investigate these differences. When a clear scale separation is present, similar bases are obtained using all methods, but when this is not the case some methods may produce representations that are poorly suited for describing features of interest, highlighting the importance of a careful choice of method when designing analyses.
Jaqueline Lekscha and Reik V. Donner
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 27, 261–275, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-27-261-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-27-261-2020, 2020
Moritz N. Lang, Sebastian Lerch, Georg J. Mayr, Thorsten Simon, Reto Stauffer, and Achim Zeileis
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 27, 23–34, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-27-23-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-27-23-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Statistical post-processing aims to increase the predictive skill of probabilistic ensemble weather forecasts by learning the statistical relation between historical pairs of observations and ensemble forecasts within a given training data set. This study compares four different training schemes and shows that including multiple years of data in the training set typically yields a more stable post-processing while it loses the ability to quickly adjust to temporal changes in the underlying data.
Cited articles
Bocquet, M., Brajard, J., Carrassi, A., and Bertino, L.: Bayesian inference of chaotic dynamics by merging data assimilation, machine learning and expectation-maximization, Foundations of Data Science, 2, 55–80, https://doi.org/10.3934/fods.2020004, 2020. a
Bolton, T. and Zanna, L.: Applications of Deep Learning to Ocean Data Inference and Subgrid Parameterization, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 11, 376–399, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001472, 2019. a
Brajard, J., Carrassi, A., Bocquet, M., and Bertino, L.: Combining data assimilation and machine learning to emulate a dynamical model from sparse and noisy observations: A case study with the Lorenz 96 model, J. Comput. Sci., 44, 101171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2020.101171, 2020. a
Brajard, J., Carrassi, A., Bocquet, M., and Bertino, L.: Combining data assimilation and machine learning to infer unresolved scale parametrization, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 379, 20200086, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0086, 2021. a
Brenowitz, N. D. and Bretherton, C. S.: Spatially Extended Tests of a Neural Network Parametrization Trained by Coarse-Graining, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 11, 2728–2744, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001711, 2019. a, b
Brunton, S. L., Proctor, J. L., and Kutz, J. N.: Discovering governing equations from data by sparse identification of nonlinear dynamical systems, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 3932–3937, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517384113, 2016. a
Bryan, G. H., Wyngaard, J. C., and Fritsch, J. M.: Resolution Requirements for the Simulation of Deep Moist Convection, Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 2394–2416, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2394:RRFTSO>2.0.CO;2, 2003. a
Chollet, F.: Deep Learning with Python, Manning Publications
Company, Greenwich, CT, USA, ISBN 9781617294433, 2017. a
Chow, F. K., Schär, C., Ban, N., Lundquist, K. A., Schlemmer, L., and Shi, X.: Crossing Multiple Gray Zones in the Transition from Mesoscale to Microscale Simulation over Complex Terrain, Atmosphere, 10, 274, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10050274, 2019. a
Dueben, P. D. and Bauer, P.: Challenges and design choices for global weather and climate models based on machine learning, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3999–4009, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3999-2018, 2018. a
Fablet, R., Ouala, S., and Herzet, C.: Bilinear Residual Neural Network for the Identification and Forecasting of Geophysical Dynamics, in: 2018 26th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), 3–7 September 2018, Rome, Italy, 1477–1481, https://doi.org/10.23919/EUSIPCO.2018.8553492, 2018. a
Faranda, D., Lembo, V., Iyer, M., Kuzzay, D., Chibbaro, S., Daviaud, F., and Dubrulle, B.: Computation and Characterization of Local Subfilter-Scale Energy Transfers in Atmospheric Flows, J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 2175–2186, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0114.1, 2018. a
Faranda, D., Vrac, M., Yiou, P., Pons, F. M. E., Hamid, A., Carella, G., Ngoungue Langue, C., Thao, S., and Gautard, V.: Enhancing geophysical flow machine learning performance via scale separation, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 28, 423–443, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-423-2021, 2021. a, b
Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., and Courville, A.: Deep Learning, MIT Press, http://www.deeplearningbook.org, ISBN: 9780262035613, 2016. a
Honnert, R., Efstathiou, G. A., Beare, R. J., Ito, J., Lock, A., Neggers, R., Plant, R. S., Shin, H. H., Tomassini, L., and Zhou, B.: The Atmospheric Boundary Layer and the “Gray Zone” of Turbulence: A Critical Review, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD030317, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030317, 2020. a, b
Jeworrek, J., West, G., and Stull, R.: Evaluation of Cumulus and Microphysics Parameterizations in WRF across the Convective Gray Zone, Weather Forecast., 34, 1097–1115, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-18-0178.1, 2019. a
Jones, T. R. and Randall, D. A.: Quantifying the limits of convective parameterizations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D08210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014913, 2011. a
Kent, T., Bokhove, O., and Tobias, S.: Dynamics of an idealized fluid model for investigating convective-scale data assimilation, Tellus A, 69, 1369332, https://doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2017.1369332, 2017. a
Krasnopolsky, V. M., Fox-Rabinovitz, M. S., and Belochitski, A. A.: Using ensemble of neural networks to learn stochastic convection parameterizations for climate and numerical weather prediction models from data simulated by a cloud resolving model, Adv. Artif. Neural Syst., 2013, 485913, https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/485913, 2013. a
Lovejoy, S. and Schertzer, D.: Towards a new synthesis for atmospheric dynamics: Space–time cascades, Atmos. Res., 96, 1–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.01.004, 2010. a
Marino, R., Mininni, P. D., Rosenberg, D., and Pouquet, A.: Inverse cascades in rotating stratified turbulence: Fast growth of large scales, EPL-Europhys. Lett., 102, 44006, https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/102/44006, 2013. a
O'Gorman, P. A. and Dwyer, J. G.: Using Machine Learning to Parameterize Moist Convection: Potential for Modeling of Climate, Climate Change, and Extreme Events, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 10, 2548–2563, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001351, 2018.
a
Pathak, J., Hunt, B., Girvan, M., Lu, Z., and Ott, E.: Model-Free Prediction of Large Spatiotemporally Chaotic Systems from Data: A Reservoir Computing Approach, Phys. Rev. Lett., 120, 024102, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.024102, 2018. a
Randall, D., Khairoutdinov, M., Arakawa, A., and Grabowski, W.: Breaking the Cloud Parameterization Deadlock, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84, 1547–1564, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-84-11-1547, 2003. a
Randall, D. A.: Beyond deadlock, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5970–5976, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL057998, 2013. a
Rasp, S.: Coupled online learning as a way to tackle instabilities and biases in neural network parameterizations: general algorithms and Lorenz 96 case study (v1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2185–2196, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2185-2020, 2020. a
Rasp, S., Pritchard, M. S., and Gentine, P.: Deep learning to represent subgrid processes in climate models, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 9684–9689, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810286115, 2018. a
Kriegmair, R.: wavestoweather/NNforModelError: NN to improve simulations in the grey zone (v1.0.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4740252, 2021. a
Ruckstuhl, Y. and Janjić, T.: Parameter and state estimation with ensemble Kalman filter based algorithms for convective-scale applications, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 144, 826–841, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3257, 2018. a
Ruckstuhl, Y., Janjić, T., and Rasp, S.: Training a convolutional neural network to conserve mass in data assimilation, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 28, 111–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-111-2021, 2021. a, b
Scher, S.: Toward Data-Driven Weather and Climate Forecasting: Approximating a Simple General Circulation Model With Deep Learning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 12616–12622, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080704, 2018. a
Stensrud, D.: Parameterization Schemes: Keys to Understanding Numerical Weather Prediction Models, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-12676-2, 2009. a
Wagner, A., Heinzeller, D., Wagner, S., Rummler, T., and Kunstmann, H.: Explicit Convection and Scale-Aware Cumulus Parameterizations: High-Resolution Simulations over Areas of Different Topography in Germany, Mon. Weather Rev., 146, 1925–1944, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-17-0238.1, 2018. a
Würsch, M. and Craig, G. C.: A simple dynamical model of cumulus convection for data assimilation research, Meteorol. Z., 23, 483–490, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2014/0492, 2014. a, b
Zeng, Y., Janjić, T., Ruckstuhl, Y., and Verlaan, M.: Ensemble-type Kalman filter algorithm conserving mass, total energy and enstrophy, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 2902–2914, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3142, 2017. a
Short summary
Our regional numerical weather prediction models run at kilometer-scale resolutions. Processes that occur at smaller scales not yet resolved contribute significantly to the atmospheric flow. We use a neural network (NN) to represent the unresolved part of physical process such as cumulus clouds. We test this approach on a simplified, yet representative, 1D model and find that the NN corrections vastly improve the model forecast up to a couple of days.
Our regional numerical weather prediction models run at kilometer-scale resolutions. Processes...