Articles | Volume 32, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-32-225-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-32-225-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Ionospheric chaos in the solar quiet current due to sudden stratospheric warming events across the European and African sectors
Irewola Aaron Oludehinwa
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Physics, Caleb University, Lagos, Nigeria
Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
Andrei Velichko
Institute of Physics and Technology, Petrozavodsk State University, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia
Olasunkanmi Isaac Olusola
Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
Olawale Segun Bolaji
Institute of Physics and Technology, Petrozavodsk State University, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia
Department of Physics, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Norbert Marwan
Research Department of Complexity Science, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
Babalola Olasupo Ogunsua
Key Laboratory for Middle Atmospheric and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Abdullahi Ndzi Njah
Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
Timothy Oluwaseyi Ologun
Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Related authors
Irewola Aaron Oludehinwa, Olasunkanmi Isaac Olusola, Andrei Velichko, and Rose Anoke-Uzosike
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2810, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2810, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO).
Short summary
Short summary
This study examine the recurrence patterns in the Earth's polar cap variations in response to great, severe, strong, moderate, and weak storms. Complex system methods comprising Recurrence Plot (RP), Recurrence Rate (RR) and Length of diagonal line (L) was used to unveil the recurring patterns in the Earth polar cap. The recurrence density and deterministic behavior in Earth polar cap variations intensifies with increased solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere.
Irewola Aaron Oludehinwa, Olasunkanmi Isaac Olusola, Olawale Segun Bolaji, Olumide Olayinka Odeyemi, and Abdullahi Ndzi Njah
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 28, 257–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-257-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-257-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The MLE and ApEn values of the Dst indicate that chaotic and dynamical complexity responses are high during minor geomagnetic storms, reduce at moderate geomagnetic storms and decline further during major geomagnetic storms.
However, the MLE and ApEn values obtained from solar wind electric field (VBs) indicate that chaotic and dynamical complexity responses are high with no significant difference between the periods that are associated with minor, moderate and major geomagnetic storms.
Irewola Aaron Oludehinwa, Olasunkanmi Isaac Olusola, Andrei Velichko, and Rose Anoke-Uzosike
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2810, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2810, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO).
Short summary
Short summary
This study examine the recurrence patterns in the Earth's polar cap variations in response to great, severe, strong, moderate, and weak storms. Complex system methods comprising Recurrence Plot (RP), Recurrence Rate (RR) and Length of diagonal line (L) was used to unveil the recurring patterns in the Earth polar cap. The recurrence density and deterministic behavior in Earth polar cap variations intensifies with increased solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere.
Sara M. Vallejo-Bernal, Frederik Wolf, Niklas Boers, Dominik Traxl, Norbert Marwan, and Jürgen Kurths
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2645–2660, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2645-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2645-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Employing event synchronization and complex networks analysis, we reveal a cascade of heavy rainfall events, related to intense atmospheric rivers (ARs): heavy precipitation events (HPEs) in western North America (NA) that occur in the aftermath of land-falling ARs are synchronized with HPEs in central and eastern Canada with a delay of up to 12 d. Understanding the effects of ARs in the rainfall over NA will lead to better anticipating the evolution of the climate dynamics in the region.
Renee van Dongen, Dirk Scherler, Dadiyorto Wendi, Eric Deal, Luca Mao, Norbert Marwan, and Claudio I. Meier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1234, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1234, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climatic phenomenon that causes abnormal climatic conditions in Chile. We investigated how ENSO affects catchment hydrology and found strong seasonal and spatial differences in the hydrological response to ENSO which was caused by different hydrological processes in catchments that are dominated by snowmelt-generated runoff or rainfall-generated runoff. These results are relevant for water resources management and ENSO mitigation in Chile.
Cinthya Esther Nava Fernandez, Tobias Braun, Bethany Fox, Adam Hartland, Ola Kwiecien, Chelsea Pederson, Sebastian Hoepker, Stefano Bernasconi, Madalina Jaggi, John Hellstrom, Fernando Gázquez, Amanda French, Norbert Marwan, Adrian Immenhauser, and Sebastian Franz Martin Breitenbach
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2021-172, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2021-172, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a ca. 1000 year long (6.4–5.4 ka BP) stalagmite-based reconstruction of mid-Holocene rainfall variability in the tropical western Pacific. The annually laminated multi-proxy (δ13C, δ18O, X/Ca, gray values) record comes from Niue island and informs on El Nino-Southern Oscillation and South Pacific Convergence Zone dynamics. Our data suggest that ENSO was active and influenced rainfall seasonality over the covered time interval. Rainfall seasonality was subdued during active ENSO phases
Irewola Aaron Oludehinwa, Olasunkanmi Isaac Olusola, Olawale Segun Bolaji, Olumide Olayinka Odeyemi, and Abdullahi Ndzi Njah
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 28, 257–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-257-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-257-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The MLE and ApEn values of the Dst indicate that chaotic and dynamical complexity responses are high during minor geomagnetic storms, reduce at moderate geomagnetic storms and decline further during major geomagnetic storms.
However, the MLE and ApEn values obtained from solar wind electric field (VBs) indicate that chaotic and dynamical complexity responses are high with no significant difference between the periods that are associated with minor, moderate and major geomagnetic storms.
Abhirup Banerjee, Bedartha Goswami, Yoshito Hirata, Deniz Eroglu, Bruno Merz, Jürgen Kurths, and Norbert Marwan
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 28, 213–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-213-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-213-2021, 2021
Cinthya Nava-Fernandez, Adam Hartland, Fernando Gázquez, Ola Kwiecien, Norbert Marwan, Bethany Fox, John Hellstrom, Andrew Pearson, Brittany Ward, Amanda French, David A. Hodell, Adrian Immenhauser, and Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3361–3380, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3361-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3361-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Speleothems are powerful archives of past climate for understanding modern local hydrology and its relation to regional circulation patterns. We use a 3-year monitoring dataset to test the sensitivity of Waipuna Cave to seasonal changes and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics. Drip water data suggest a fast response to rainfall events; its elemental composition reflects a seasonal cycle and ENSO variability. Waipuna Cave speleothems have a high potential for past ENSO reconstructions.
Ankit Agarwal, Norbert Marwan, Rathinasamy Maheswaran, Ugur Ozturk, Jürgen Kurths, and Bruno Merz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2235–2251, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2235-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2235-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In the climate/hydrology network, each node represents a geographical location of climatological data, and links between nodes are set up based on their interaction or similar variability. Here, using network theory, we first generate a node-ranking measure and then prioritize the rain gauges to identify influential and expandable stations across Germany. To show the applicability of the proposed approach, we also compared the results with existing traditional and contemporary network measures.
Jürgen Kurths, Ankit Agarwal, Roopam Shukla, Norbert Marwan, Maheswaran Rathinasamy, Levke Caesar, Raghavan Krishnan, and Bruno Merz
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 26, 251–266, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-26-251-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-26-251-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We examined the spatial diversity of Indian rainfall teleconnection at different timescales, first by identifying homogeneous communities and later by computing non-linear linkages between the identified communities (spatial regions) and dominant climatic patterns, represented by climatic indices such as El Nino–Southern Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole, North Atlantic Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Atlantic Multi-Decadal Oscillation.
Bolarinwa J. Adekoya, Babatunde O. Adebesin, Timothy W. David, Stephen O. Ikubanni, Shola J. Adebiyi, Olawale S. Bolaji, and Victor U. Chukwuma
Ann. Geophys., 37, 171–182, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-171-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-37-171-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present the dynamics of perturbations during a solar eclipse using rare parameters for eclipse study. Reduction in solar radiation and natural gas heating are the cause of the observed changes. The use of the bottomside F-layer parameters to probe the topside ionosphere established their interrelationship. The implication is that eclipse-caused perturbation could be better explained using some ionosonde parameters.
Ankit Agarwal, Norbert Marwan, Maheswaran Rathinasamy, Bruno Merz, and Jürgen Kurths
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 599–611, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-24-599-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-24-599-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme events such as floods and droughts result from synchronization of different natural processes working at multiple timescales. Investigation on an observation timescale will not reveal the inherent underlying dynamics triggering these events. This paper develops a new method based on wavelets and event synchronization to unravel the hidden dynamics responsible for such sudden events. This method is tested with synthetic and real-world cases and the results are promising.
Victor Adetayo Eyelade, Adekola Olajide Adewale, Andrew Ovie Akala, Olawale Segun Bolaji, and A. Babatunde Rabiu
Ann. Geophys., 35, 701–710, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-701-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-701-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The study examined the diurnal and seasonal variations in total electron content (TEC) over Nigeria. The derived GPS TEC across all the stations demonstrated consistent minimum diurnal variations during the pre-sunrise hours, increased with a sharp gradient during the sunrise period, attained a postnoon maximum at about 14:00 LT, and then fell to a minimum just before sunset. The seasonal variation depicted a semi-annual distribution with higher values around equinoxes than solstices.
Olawale Bolaji, Oluwafisayo Owolabi, Elijah Falayi, Emmanuel Jimoh, Afolabi Kotoye, Olumide Odeyemi, Babatunde Rabiu, Patricia Doherty, Endawoke Yizengaw, Yosuke Yamazaki, Jacob Adeniyi, Rafiat Kaka, and Kehinde Onanuga
Ann. Geophys., 35, 123–132, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-123-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-123-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Movement of plasma to higher latitudes by EIA is known to relate to eastward electric field/EEJ and thermospheric meridional neutral wind. Experiments from GPS measurements that unveil thermospheric meridional neutral wind effect on plasma transportation in the F region are very few compared with electric field/EEJ. This work includes examples of thermospheric meridional neutral wind effects on GPS TEC measurements and their roles in transportation of plasma compared to electric field/EEJ.
T. Nocke, S. Buschmann, J. F. Donges, N. Marwan, H.-J. Schulz, and C. Tominski
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 22, 545–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-22-545-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-22-545-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The paper reviews the available visualisation techniques and tools for the visual analysis of geo-physical climate networks. The results from a questionnaire with experts from non-linear physics are presented, and the paper surveys recent developments from information visualisation and cartography with respect to their applicability for visual climate network analytics. Several case studies based on own solutions illustrate the potentials of state-of-the-art network visualisation technology.
A. B. Rabiu, B. O. Ogunsua, I. A. Fuwape, and J. A. Laoye
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 22, 527–543, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-22-527-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-22-527-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes chaos and dynamical complexity to reveal the state of the underlying dynamics of the ionosphere on a daily basis. This is to show the daily/transient variations of chaoticity and dynamical complexity so as to reveal the degree of changes that occur in the ionospheric process and dynamics from one day to another. This paper will point the space science community in the direction of the use of chaoticity and dynamical complexity as indices to describe the process and dynamics.
J. F. Donges, R. V. Donner, N. Marwan, S. F. M. Breitenbach, K. Rehfeld, and J. Kurths
Clim. Past, 11, 709–741, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-709-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-709-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Paleoclimate records from cave deposits allow the reconstruction of Holocene dynamics of the Asian monsoon system, an important tipping element in Earth's climate. Employing recently developed techniques of nonlinear time series analysis reveals several robust and continental-scale regime shifts in the complexity of monsoonal variability. These regime shifts might have played an important role as drivers of migration, cultural change, and societal collapse during the past 10,000 years.
Y. Zou, R. V. Donner, N. Marwan, M. Small, and J. Kurths
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 21, 1113–1126, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-1113-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-1113-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
We use visibility graphs to characterize asymmetries in the dynamics of sunspot areas in both solar hemispheres. Our analysis provides deep insights into the potential and limitations of this method, revealing a complex interplay between effects due to statistical versus dynamical properties of the observed data. Temporal changes in the hemispheric predominance of the graph connectivity are found to lag those directly associated with the total hemispheric sunspot areas themselves.
D. Eroglu, N. Marwan, S. Prasad, and J. Kurths
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 21, 1085–1092, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-1085-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-1085-2014, 2014
B. Goswami, J. Heitzig, K. Rehfeld, N. Marwan, A. Anoop, S. Prasad, and J. Kurths
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 21, 1093–1111, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-1093-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-1093-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new approach to estimating sedimentary proxy records along with the proxy uncertainty. We provide analytical expressions for the proxy record, while transparently propagating uncertainties from the ages to the proxy record. We represent proxies on an error-free, precise timescale. Our approach provides insight into the interrelations between proxy variability and the various uncertainties. We demonstrate our method with synthetic examples and proxy data from the Lonar lake in India.
V. Stolbova, P. Martin, B. Bookhagen, N. Marwan, and J. Kurths
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 21, 901–917, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-901-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-901-2014, 2014
L. Tupikina, K. Rehfeld, N. Molkenthin, V. Stolbova, N. Marwan, and J. Kurths
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 21, 705–711, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-705-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-705-2014, 2014
J. Hlinka, D. Hartman, N. Jajcay, M. Vejmelka, R. Donner, N. Marwan, J. Kurths, and M. Paluš
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 21, 451–462, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-451-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-451-2014, 2014
B. O. Ogunsua, J. A. Laoye, I. A. Fuwape, and A. B. Rabiu
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 21, 127–142, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-127-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-127-2014, 2014
N. Itoh and N. Marwan
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 20, 467–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-20-467-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-20-467-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Bifurcation, dynamical systems, chaos, phase transition, nonlinear waves, pattern formation | Topic: Ionosphere, magnetosphere, planetary science, solar science | Techniques: Big data and artificial intelligence
Magnetospheric chaos and dynamical complexity response during storm time disturbance
Irewola Aaron Oludehinwa, Olasunkanmi Isaac Olusola, Olawale Segun Bolaji, Olumide Olayinka Odeyemi, and Abdullahi Ndzi Njah
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 28, 257–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-257-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-257-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The MLE and ApEn values of the Dst indicate that chaotic and dynamical complexity responses are high during minor geomagnetic storms, reduce at moderate geomagnetic storms and decline further during major geomagnetic storms.
However, the MLE and ApEn values obtained from solar wind electric field (VBs) indicate that chaotic and dynamical complexity responses are high with no significant difference between the periods that are associated with minor, moderate and major geomagnetic storms.
Cited articles
Azami, H., Li, P., Arnold, S. E., Escudero, J., and Humeau-Heurtier, A.: Fuzzy entropy metrics for the analysis of biomedical signals: Assessment and comparison, IEEE Access, 7, 104833–104847, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2930625, 2019.
Baldwin, M. P., Ayarzagüena, B., Birner, T., Butchart, N., Butler, A. H., Charlton-Perez, A. J., Domeisen, D. I. V., Garfinkel, C. I., Garny, H., Gerber, E. P., Hegglin, M. I., Langematz, U., and Pedatella, N. M.: Sudden Stratospheric Warmings, Rev. Geophys., 59, 1–37, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000708, 2021.
Barton, C. E. and Tarlowski, C. Z.: Geomagnetic, geocentric, and geodetic coordinate transformations, Comput. Geosci., 17, 669–678, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(91)90038-F, 1991.
Bolaji, O. S., Oyeyemi, E. O., Owolabi, O. P., Yamazaki, Y., Rabiu, A. B., Okoh, D., Fujimoto, A., Amory-Mazaudier, C., Seemala, G. K., Yoshikawa, A., and Onanuga, O. K.: Solar quiet current response in the African sector due to a 2009 sudden stratospheric warming event, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 8055–8065, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022857, 2016a.
Bolaji, O. S., Oyeyemi, E. O., Owolabi, O. P., Yamazaki, Y., Rabiu, A. B., Okoh, D., Fujimoto, A., Amory-Mazaudier, C., Seemala, G. K., Yoshikawa, A., and Onanuga, O. K.: Solar quiet current response in the African sector due to a 2009 sudden stratospheric warming event, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 8055–8065, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022857, 2016b.
Butler, A. H., Seidel, D. J., Hardiman, S. C., Butchart, N., Birner, T., and Match, A.: Defining sudden stratospheric warmings, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 1913–1928, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00173.1, 2015.
Chau, J. L., Goncharenko, L. P., Fejer, B. G., and Liu, H. L.: Equatorial and low latitude ionospheric effects during sudden stratospheric warming events: Ionospheric effects during SSW events, Space Sci. Rev., 168, 385–417, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-011-9797-5, 2012.
Chen, W., Wang, Z., Xie, H., and Yu, W.: Characterization of Surface EMG Signal Based on Fuzzy Entropy, IEEE Trans. Neur. Sys. Reh., 15, 266–272, https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2007.897025, 2007.
Conejero, J. A., Velichko, A., Garibo-i-Orts, Ò., Izotov, Y., and Pham, V. T.: Exploring the Entropy-Based Classification of Time Series Using Visibility Graphs from Chaotic Maps, Mathematics, 12, 938, https://doi.org/10.3390/math12070938, 2024.
Dass, B., Tomar, V. P., and Kumar, K.: Fuzzy entropy with order and degree for intuitionistic fuzzy set, AIP Conf. Proc., 1, 2142, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5122619, 2019.
EntropyHub: An Open-Source Toolkit for Entropic Time Series Analysis, (version 0.2), https://www.entropyhub.xyz/, last access: 27 February 2024.
Fejer, B. G., Tracy, B. D., Olson, M. E., and Chau, J. L.: Enhanced lunar semidiurnal equatorial vertical plasma drifts during sudden stratospheric warmings, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049788, 2011.
GFZ: Kp Index – Kp-Index, GFZ [data set], https://kp.gfz.de/en/data#c222, last access: 11 July 2025.
Gonçalves, B. A., Carpi, L., Rosso, O. A., and Ravetti, M. G.: Time series characterization via horizontal visibility graph and Information Theory, Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl., 464, 93–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2016.07.063, 2016.
Goncharenko, L. P., Chau, J. L., Liu, H.-L., and Coster, A. J.: Unexpected connections between the stratosphere and ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L10101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043125, 2010.
Goncharenko, L. P., Coster, A. J., Plumb, R. A., and Domeisen, D. I. V: The potential role of stratospheric ozone in the stratosphere-ionosphere coupling during stratospheric warmings, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L08101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051261, 2012.
Goncharenko, L. P., Harvey, V. L., Liu, H., and Pedatella, N. M.: Sudden Stratospheric Warming Impacts on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System: A Review of Recent Progress, Geophysical Monograph Series, Wiley, 369–400, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119815617.ch16, 2021.
Intermagnet: International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network, Intermagnet [data set], https://imag-data.bgs.ac.uk/GIN_V1/GINForms2, last access: 11 July 2025.
Ishikawa, A. and Mieno, H.: The fuzzy entropy concept and its application, Fuzzy Set. Syst., 2, 113–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0114(79)90020-4, 1979.
Klimenko, M. V., Bessarab, F. S., Sukhodolov, T. V., Klimenko, V. V., Koren'kov, Y. N., Zakharenkova, I. E., Chirik, N. V., Vasil'ev, P. A., Kulyamin, D. V., Shmidt, K., Funke, B., and Rozanov, E. V.: Ionospheric Effects of the Sudden Stratospheric Warming in 2009: Results of Simulation with the First Version of the EAGLE Model, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. B, 12, 760–770, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990793118040103, 2018.
Klimenko, M. V., Klimenko, V. V., Bessarab, F. S., Sukhodolov, T. V., Vasilev, P. A., Karpov, I. V., Korenkov, Y. N., Zakharenkova, I. E., Funke, B., and Rozanov, E. V.: Identification of the mechanisms responsible for anomalies in the tropical lower thermosphere/ionosphere caused by the January 2009 sudden stratospheric warming, J. Sp. Weather Sp. Clim., 9, A39, https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2019037, 2019.
Li, C., Li, Z., Guan, L., Qi, P., Si, J., and Hao, B.: Measuring the complexity of chaotic time series by fuzzy entropy, ACM Int. Conf. Proceeding Ser., 17, F1305, https://doi.org/10.1145/3102304.3102320, 2017.
Liu, H.-L., Wang, W., Richmond, A. D., and Roble, R. G.: Ionospheric variability due to planetary waves and tides for solar minimum conditions, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 115, A00G01, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA015188, 2010.
Liu, N., Jin, Y., He, Z., Yu, J., Li, K., and Cui, J.: Simultaneous Evolutions of Inner Magnetospheric Plasmaspheric Hiss and EMIC Waves Under the Influence of a Heliospheric Plasma Sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL098798, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098798, 2022.
Luque, B., Lacasa, L., Ballesteros, F., and Luque, J.: Horizontal visibility graphs: Exact results for random time series, Phys. Rev. E, 80, 46103, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.80.046103, 2009.
MAGDAS: MAGDAS HOMEPAGE, MAGDAS [data set], http://magdas2.serc.kyushu-u.ac.jp/, last access: 18 November 2023.
Maute, A., Hagan, M. E., Richmond, A. D., and Roble, R. G.: TIME-GCM study of the ionospheric equatorial vertical drift changes during the 2006 stratospheric sudden warming, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 119, 1287–1305, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019490, 2014.
NASA: OMNIWeb Data Explorer, NASA [data set], https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html, last access: 12 February 2024.
NOAA: Climate Plotting and Analysis Tools: NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA [data set], https://psl.noaa.gov/data/composites/day/, last access: 11 July 2025.
O'Pella, J.: Horizontal visibility graphs are uniquely determined by their directed degree sequence, Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl., 536, 120923, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.04.159, 2019.
Pedatella, N. M., Liu, H.-L., Sassi, F., Lei, J., Chau, J. L., and Zhang, X.: Ionosphere variability during the 2009 SSW: Influence of the lunar semidiurnal tide and mechanisms producing electron density variability, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 119, 3828–3843, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA019849, 2014.
Salminen, A., Asikainen, T., Maliniemi, V., and Mursula, K.: Dependence of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings on Internal and External Drivers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086444, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086444, 2020.
Siddiqui, T. A., Maute, A., Pedatella, N., Yamazaki, Y., Lühr, H., and Stolle, C.: On the variability of the semidiurnal solar and lunar tides of the equatorial electrojet during sudden stratospheric warmings, Ann. Geophys., 36, 1545–1562, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1545-2018, 2018.
Tsurutani, B. T., Hajra, R., Tanimori, T., Takada, A., Bhanu, R., Mannucci, A. J., Lakhina, G. S., Kozyra, J. U., Shiokawa, K., Lee, L. C., Echer, E., Reddy, R. V., and Gonzalez, W. D.: Heliospheric plasma sheet (HPS) impingement onto the magnetosphere as a cause of relativistic electron dropouts (REDs) via coherent EMIC wave scattering with possible consequences for climate change mechanisms, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 10130–10156, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022499, 2016.
Yamazaki, Y.: Large lunar tidal effects in the equatorial electrojet during northern winter and its relation to stratospheric sudden warming events, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 7268–7271, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019215, 2013.
Yamazaki, Y.: Solar and lunar ionospheric electrodynamic effects during stratospheric sudden warmings, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 119, 138–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2014.08.001, 2014.
Yamazaki, Y. and Maute, A.: Sq and EEJ – A Review on the Daily Variation of the Geomagnetic Field Caused by Ionospheric Dynamo Currents, Space Sci. Rev., 206, 299–405, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-016-0282-z, 2017.
Yamazaki, Y. and Richmond, A. D.: A theory of ionospheric response to upward-propagating tides: Electrodynamic effects and tidal mixing effects, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 5891–5905, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50487, 2013.
Yamazaki, Y., Yumoto, K., Uozumi, T., and Cardinal, M. G.: Intensity variations of the equivalent S current system along the 210° magnetic meridian, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 116, A10308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016632, 2011.
Yamazaki, Y., Yumoto, K., McNamara, D., Hirooka, T., Uozumi, T., Kitamura, K., Abe, S., and Ikeda, A.: Ionospheric current system during sudden stratospheric warming events, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 117, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017453, 2012a.
Yamazaki, Y., Richmond, A. D., Liu, H., Yumoto, K., and Tanaka, Y.: Sq current system during stratospheric sudden warming events in 2006 and 2009, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 117, A12313, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA018116, 2012b.
Zou, Y., Donner, R. V., Marwan, N., Donges, J. F., and Kurths, J.: Complex network approaches to nonlinear time series analysis, Phys. Rep., 787, 1–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2018.10.005, 2019.
Short summary
The contributing influence of SSWs (sudden stratospheric warming) on regional ionosphere through chaos theory is examined. We find that ionospheric chaos is more pronounced in the European sector compared to the African sector during an SSW. Evidence of orderliness behavior in regional ionosphere of African sector is observed. Finally, we notice that after the peak phase of an SSW, ionospheric chaos is found to be more pronounced.
The contributing influence of SSWs (sudden stratospheric warming) on regional ionosphere through...