This study presents a new approach to simulating large ocean density waves that travel long distances without breaking down. This new approach ensures that these waves are depicted more accurately and realistically in our models. This is particularly useful for understanding wave behavior in lakes with distinct water layers, which can help predict natural phenomena and their effects on environments like swash zones, where waves meet the shore.

Across much of the ocean, and the world's lakes, less dense water (either because it is warm or fresh) overlays denser water, forming stratification. The mixing of these layers affects the distribution of heat, nutrients, plankton, sediment, and buoyancy, so it is crucial to understand. We use small-scale numerical experiments to better understand these processes, and here we propose a new analysis tool for understanding mixing within those models, looking at where two variables intersect.

Large-amplitude waves in the interior of the ocean-internal waves in the ocean propagate in a dynamic, highly variable environment with changes in background current, local depth, and stratification. These waves have a well-known mathematical theory that, despite considerable progress, has some gaps. In particular, waves have been observed in situations that preclude an application of the mathematical theory. We present numerical simulations of the spontaneous generation of such waves.

In this paper, we highlight a specific example of large-scale flows. We discuss a graph-theory-based Lagrangian technique for identifying regions of strong mixing (in the sense of diffusion) in the flow and compare it to previous Lagrangian approaches used in this context.

We have used numerical simulations to investigate the impact that rotation has on large waves existing internally in the ocean. In coastal regions these waves become trapped along the coast because of rotation. We have found that this trapping results in an adjustment of the form of the waves. The adjustment leads to heightened mixing along the coast, which has implications for nutrient and chemical distribution.