Araki, T.: A Physical Model of the Geomagnetic Sudden Commencement, in: Solar Wind Sources of Magnetospheric Ultra-Low-Frequency Waves, edited by: Engebretson, M. J., Takahashi, K., and Scholer, M., Geophysical Monograph Series, AGU, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM081p0183, 1994.
Carlson, C. W., McFadden, J. P., Ergun, R. E., Temerin, M., Peria, W., Mozer, F. S., Klumpar, D. M., Shelley, E. G., Peterson, W. K., Moebius, E., Elphic, R., Strangeway, R., Cattell, C., and Pfaff, R.: FAST observations in the downward auroral current region: Energetic upgoing electron beams, parallel potential drops, and ion heating, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2017–2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL00851, 1998.
Clark, S.: SpaceX launches third Falcon 9 rocket mission in three days, Spaceflight Now, published on 3 February 2022,
https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/02/03/spacex-launches-third-falcon-9-rocket-mission-in-three-days/ (last access: 20 March 2024), 2022a.
Clark, S.: Solar storm dooms up to 40 new Starlink satellites, Spaceflight Now, published on 8 February 2022,
https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/02/08/solar-storm-dooms-40-new-starlink-satellites (last access: 20 March 2024), 2022b.
Dang, T., Li, X., Luo, B., Li, R., Zhang, B., Pham, K., Ren, D., Chen, X., Lei, J., and Wang, Y.: Unveiling the space weather during the Starlink Satellites destruction event on 4 February 2022, Space Weather., 20, e2022SW003152, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003152, 2022.
Dungey, J. W.: Interplanetary magnetic field and the auroral zones, Phys. Rev. Lett., 6, 47–48, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.47, 1961.
Echer, E., Gonzalez, W. D., Tsurutani, B. T., and Gonzalez, A. L. C.: Interplanetary conditions causing intense geomagnetic storms (Dst
≤ −100 nT) during solar cycle 23 (1996–2006), J. Geophys. Res., 113, A05221, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012744, 2008.
Fang, T.-W., Kubaryk, A., Goldstein, D., Li, Z., Fuller-Rowell, T., Millward, G., Singer, H. J., Steenburgh, R., Westerman, S., and Babcock, E.: Space weather environment during the SpaceX Starlink satellite loss in February 2022, Space Weather, 20, e2022SW003193, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003193, 2022.
Fiori, R. A. D., Boteler, D. H., and Gillies, D. M.: Assessment of GIC risk due to geomagnetic sudden commencements and identification of the current systems responsible, Space Weather, 12, 76–91, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013SW000967, 2014.
Fuller-Rowell, T. J., R. Akmaev, F. Wu, A. Anghel, N. Maruyama, D. N. Anderson, M. V. Codrescu, M. Iredell, S. Moorthi, H.-M. Juang, Y.-T. Hou, and Millward, G.: Impact of terrestrial weath
er on the upper atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L09808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032911, 2008.
Gonzalez, W. D., Joselyn, J. A., Kamide, Y., Kroehl, H. W., Rostoker, G., Tsurutani, B. T., and Vasyliunas, V. M.: What is a geomagnetic storm?, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5571–5792, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JA02867, 1994.
Gopalswamy, N.: The Dynamics of Eruptive Prominences, in: Solar Prominences, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Volume 415, edited by: Vial, J.-C. and Engvold, O., Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 381–409, ISBN 978-3-319-10416-4, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10416-4, 2015.
Gopalswamy, N.: The Sun and Space Weather, Atmosphere, 13, 1781, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111781, 2022.
Gopalswamy, N., Hanaoka, Y., Kosugi, T., Lepping, R. P., Steinberg, J. T., Plunkett, S., Howard, R. A., Thompson, B. J., Gur man, J., Ho, G., Nitta, N., and Hudson, H. S.: On the relationship between coronal mass ejections and magnetic clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2485–2488, 1998.
Hosokawa, K., Kullen, A., Milan, S., Reidy, J., Zou, Y., Frey, H. U., Maggiolo, R., and Fear, R.: Aurora in the Polar Cap: A Review, Space Sci. Rev., 216, 15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-0637-3, 2020.
Illing, R. M. E. and Hundhausen, A. J.: Disruption of a coronal streamer by an eruptive prominence and coronal mass ejection. Journal of Geophysical Research, 91., 10951pp, https://doi.org/10.1029/ja091ia10p10951, 1986.
Kakoti, G., Bagiya, M. S., Laskar, F. I., and Lin, D.: Unveiling the combined effects of neutral dynamics and electrodynamic forcing on dayside ionosphere during the 3–4 February 2022 “SpaceX” geomagnetic storms, Nature Sci. Repts., 13, 18932, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45900-y, 2023.
Kozyra, J. U., Manchester, W. B., Escoubet, C. P., Lepri, S. T., Liemohn, M. W., Gonzalez, W. D., Thomsen, M. W., and Tsurutani, B. T.: Earth's collision with a solar filament on 21 January 2005: Overview, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 5967–5978, 2013.
Lakhina, G. S. and Tsurutani, B. T.: Satellite drag effects due to uplifted oxygen neutrals during super magnetic storms, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 745–750, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-24-745-2017, 2017.
Lepri, S. T. and Zurbuchen, T. H.: Direct observational evidence of filament material within interplanetary coronal mass ejections, Astrophys. J. Lett., 723, L22–L27, 2010.
Lühr, H., Schlegel, K., Araki, T., Rother, M., and Förster, M.: Night-time sudden commencements observed by CHAMP and ground-based magnetometers and their relationship to solar wind parameters, Ann. Geophys., 27, 1897–1907, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-1897-2009, 2009.
Manley, S.: How Do Starlink Satellites Navigate To Their Final Operational Orbits, Youtube,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIQr1UyhwWk (last access: 20 March 2024), 2021.
Marubashi, K., Akiyama, S., Yashiro, S., Gopalswamy, N., Cho, K.-S., and Park, Y.-D.: Geometrical Relationship between Interplanetary Flux Ropes and Their Solar Sources, Sol. Phys., 290, 1371–1397, 2015.
McDowell, J.: Jonathan's Space Pages,
https://planet4589.org (last access: 20 March 2024), 2023.
NOAA: GOES X-Ray Flux, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Space Weather Prediction Center,
https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-x-ray-flux (last access: 20 March 2024), 2022.
Oliveira, D. and Samsonov, A.: Geoeffectiveness of interplanetary shocks controlled by impact angles: A review, Adv. Space Res., 61, 1–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ASR.2017.10.006, 2018.
Paschmann, G., Sonnerup, B. U. Ö., Papamastorakis, I., Sckopke, N., Haerendel, G., Bame, S. J., Asbridge, J. R., Gosling, J. T., Russell, C. T., and Elphic, R. C.: Plasma acceleration at the Earth's magnetopause: evidence for reconnection, Nature, 282, 243–246, https://doi.org/10.1038/282243a0, 1979.
Pitout, F., Astafyeva, E., Fleury, R., Maletckii, B., and He, J.: Did a minor geomagnetic storm really causethe loss of 40 Starlink satellites?, in: Proceedings of Soc. Fran. D'Astrophys. (SF2A), Besançon, France, 7–10 June 2022, edited by: Richard, J., Siebert, A., Lagadec, E., Lagarde, N., Venot, O., Malzac, J., Marquette, J.-B., N'Diaye, M., and Briot, D., Société Française d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique – SF2A, Paris, France,
https://sf2a.eu/proceedings/2022/2022sf2a.conf.185P.pdf (last access: March 2024), 2022.
Russell, C. and Elphic, R.: Observation of magnetic flux ropes in the Venus ionosphere, Nature, 279, 616–618, https://doi.org/10.1038/279616a0, 1979.
Sharma, R. and Srivastava, N.: Presence of solar filament plasma detected in interplanetary coronal mass ejections by in situ spacecraft, J. Space Weather Spac., 2, A10, https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2012010, 2012.
SpaceX: Geomagnetic storm and recently deployed Starlink satellites, SpaceX website, published on 9 February 2022,
https://www.spacex.com/updates/ (last access: 20 March 2024), 2022.
Swarm: The Earth’s magnetic field and environment explorers, ESA report for mission selection (SP1279/6), April 2004,
https://www.esa.int/esapub/sp/sp1279/sp1279_6_SWARM.pdf (last access: October 2023), 2004.
Swarm: Swarm Data Access, [data set], European Space Agency (ESA),
https://swarm-diss.eo.esa.int (last access: 20 March 2024), 2022.
Takeuchi, T., Araki, T., Viljanen, A., and Watermann, J.: Geomagnetic negative sudden impulses: Interplanetary causes and polarization distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 1096, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA900152, 2002.
Tang, F., Tsurutani, B. T., Gonzalez, W. D., Akasofu, S. I., and Smith. E. J.: Solar Sources of Interplanetary Southward
Bz Events Responsible for Major Magnetic Storms (1978–1979), J. Geophys. Res., 94, 3535–3541, 1989.
Tsurutani, B. T. and Lakhina, G. S.: An extreme coronal mass ejection and consequences for the magnetosphere and Earth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 287–292, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058825, 2014.
Tsurutani, B. T. and Meng, C.-I.: Interplanetary magnetic-field variations and substorm activity, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 2964, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA077i016p02964, 1972.
Tsurutani, B. T., Gonzalez, W. D., Tang, F., Akasofu, S. I., and Smith, E. J.: Origin of interplanetary southward magnetic fields responsible for major magnetic storms ne
ar solar maximum (1978–1979), J. Geophys. Res., 93, 8519–8531, https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA08p08519, 1988.
Tsurutani, B. T., Mannucci, A. J., Iijima, B., Abdu, M. A., Sobral, J. H. A., Gonzalez, W. D., Guarnieri, F., Tsuda, T., Saito, A., Yumoto, K., Fejer, B., Fuller-Rowell, T. J., Kozyra, J., Foster, J. C., Coster, A., and Vasyliunas, V. M.: Global dayside ionospheric uplift and enhancement associated with interplanetary electric fields, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A08302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010342, 2004.
Tsurutani, B. T., Verkhoglyadova, O. P., Mannucci, A. J., Araki, T., Sato, A., Tsuda, T., and Yumoto, K.: Oxygen ion uplift and satellite drag effects during the 30 October 2003 daytime superfountain event, Ann. Geophys., 25, 569–574, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-569-2007, 2007.
Tsurutani, B. T., Green, J., and Hajra, R.: The Possible Cause of the 40 SpaceX Starlink Satellite Losses in February 2022: Prompt Penetrating Electric Fields and the Dayside Equatorial and Midlatitude Ionospheric Convective Uplift, arXiv [physics.space-ph],
arXiv:2210.07902,
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2210.07902, 2022.
von Humboldt, A.: Die vollständigste aller bisherigen Beobachtungen über den Einfluss des Nordlichts auf die Magnetnadel angestellt, AnPh, 29, 425, https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18080290806, 1808.
Walach, M.-T. and Grocott, A.: SuperDARN Observations During Geomagnetic Storms, Geomagnetically Active Times and Enhanced Solar Wind Driving, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124, 5828–5847, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026816, 2019.
Wang, J., Feng, H. Q., and Zhao, G.: Cold prominence materials detected within magnetic clouds during 1998–2007, Astron. Astrophys., 616, A41, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731807, 2018.
World Data Center for Geomagnetism: Geomagnetic Data Service, World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto [data set],
https://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/wdc/Sec3.html, last access: 28 October 2022.
Yashiro, S., Gopalswamy, N., Mäkelä, P., and Akiyama, S.: Post-Eruption Arcades and Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections, Sol. Phys., 284, 5–15, 2013.
