Seismo-electromagnetic (SEM) signals emitted prior to major earthquakes show promise as candidates for short-term earthquake prediction. Analyzing the frequency characteristics of SEM signals provides insights into pre-earthquake processes in the focal zone, such as microfracturing and electrokinetic phenomena. The combined application of fractal and multifractal methods proves to be an effective tool for analyzing these complex signals.

We explored a simplified climate model based on Earth's energy budget. One advantage of such models is that they are easier to study mathematically. Using a mathematical technique known as boundary integral methods, we present a new way to solve these climate models. This method is particularly useful for modeling climates very different from Earth's current state, such as those on other planets or during past ice ages.

In this work, the multiscale dynamics of 38 oceanic and atmospheric pCO₂ time series, sea surface temperature data, and salinity data from fixed buoys recorded with 3 h resolution are considered. The Fourier scaling exponents are estimated. The differences found for three ecosystems – coastal shelf, coral reefs and open ocean  – are discussed. Multifractal properties of pCO₂ difference between ocean and atmosphere are found and characterized over the scale range from 3 h to 1 year.