Understanding of the complex Earth’s climate system requires breakthroughs in our knowledge of non-linear dynamical and micro-physical processes shaping the local and global properties of the system. Recent advances in theoretical development, computer simulations and experiment methodology extend the research into previously inaccessible problems where spatial heterogeneity and time variability of the air-sea/land interactions are essential. Further progress requires new observational methods, non-linear data mining routines and methodologies for statistical analysis, novel model approaches and, above all, new theoretical paradigms to frame the interdisciplinary research efforts.