The purpose of this Special Issue is to publish in one place papers presented at the 10th international Nonlinear Waves and Chaos Workshop 2017 (NWCW17) held in San Diego, California, from 20 to 24 March 2017. This workshop was unique because it had a number of experts, from space plasma and laboratory plasma, fusion plasma physicists, astrophysicists, applied mathematicians, atmospheric and oceanic scientists, and even a heart specialist. Nonlinear waves, chaos, dispersion, and dissipation occur in many fields, and it is instructive to intercompare observational techniques and theoretical approaches from various disciplines. Other related papers are welcome for publication in this Special Issue.