<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="brief-report" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">NPG</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">NPG</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Nonlin. Processes Geophys.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1607-7946</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/npg-22-167-2015</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Brief Communication: The double layer in the separatrix region during magnetic reconnection</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Guo</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yu</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Mathematics and Physics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Sate Key Laboratory of Space Weather, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>16</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>167</fpage>
<lpage>171</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2015 J. Guo</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://npg.copernicus.org/articles/22/167/2015/npg-22-167-2015.html">This article is available from https://npg.copernicus.org/articles/22/167/2015/npg-22-167-2015.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://npg.copernicus.org/articles/22/167/2015/npg-22-167-2015.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://npg.copernicus.org/articles/22/167/2015/npg-22-167-2015.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>With two-dimensional (2-D) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations
we investigate the evolution of the double layer (DL) driven by magnetic
reconnection. Our results show that an electron beam can be generated in the
separatrix region as magnetic reconnection proceeds. This electron beam
could trigger the ion-acoustic instability; as a result, a DL
accompanied with electron holes (EHs) can be found during the nonlinear evolution
stage of this instability. The spatial size of the DL is about 10
Debye lengths. This DL propagates along the magnetic field at a
velocity of about the ion-acoustic speed, which is consistent with the
observation results.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="5"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
<award-id>41204115</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Boström, R.: Obdervations of weak double-layers on auroral field lines, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 20, 756–763, 1992.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Deng, X. H. and Matsumoto, H.: Rapid magnetic reconnection in the Earth&apos;s magnetosphere mediated by whistler waves, Nature, 410, 557–560, 2001.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Drake, J. F., Swisdak, M., Cattell, C., Shay, M. A., Rogers, B. N., and Zeiler, A.: Formation of electron holes and particle energization during magnetic reconnection, Science, 299, 873–877, 2003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ergun, R. E., Su, Y. -J., Andersson, L., Carlson, C. W., McFadden, J. P., Mozer, F. S., Newman, D. L., and Goldman, M. V.: Direct observation of localized parallel electric fields in a space plasma, Phys. Rev. Lett., 87, 045003, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.045003&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.045003&lt;/a&gt;, 2001.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ergun, R. E., Andersson, L., Tao, J., Angelopoulos, V., Bonnell, J., McFadden, J. P., Larson, D. E., Eriksson, S., Johansson, T., Cully, C. M., Newman, D. N., Goldman, M .V., Roux, A., LeContel, O., Glassmeier, K.-H., and Baumjohann, W.: Observation of double layers in Earth&apos;s plasma sheet, Phys. Rev. Lett., 102, 155002, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.155002&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.155002&lt;/a&gt;, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fu, X. R., Lu, Q. M., and Wang, S.: The process of electron acceleration during collisionless magnetic reconnection, Phys. Plasma, 13, 012309, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2164808&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2164808&lt;/a&gt;, 2006.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fujimoto, K. and Machida, S.: A generation mechanism of electrostatic waves and subsequent electron heating in the plasma sheet-lobe boundary region during magnetic reconnection, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A09216, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011452&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011452&lt;/a&gt;, 2006.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fujimoto, K. and Sydora, R. D.: Whistler waves associated with magnetic reconnection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19112, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035201&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035201&lt;/a&gt;, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Guo, J.: Excitation of whistler mode waves in collisionless magnetic reconnection with a particle-in-cell simulation, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, 53, 022001, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/53/2/022001&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/53/2/022001&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Guo, J. and Li, B.: The electron-ion streaming instabilities driven by drift velocities of the order of electron thermal velocity in a nonmagnetized plasma, Astrophys. Space Sci., 347, 99–107, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Guo, J.: Electric field with bipolar structure during magnetic reconnection without a guide field, Astrophys. Space Sci., 351, 159–163, 2014.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Huang, C., Lu, Q. M., and Wang S.: The mechanisms of electron acceleration in anti-parallel and guide filed magnetic reconnection, Phys. Plasma, 17, 072306, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3457930&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3457930&lt;/a&gt;, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hoshino, M., Mukai. T., Terasawa, T., and Shinohara, I.: Suprathermal electron acceleration in magnetic reconnection, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 25979–25997, 2001.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Li, S. Y., Deng, X. H., Zhou, M., Tang, R. X., Liu, K., Kojima, H., and Matsumoto, H.: Statistical study of electrostatic solitary waves associated with reconnection: Geotail observations, Adv. Space Res., 43, 394–400, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lu, Q. M., Huang, C., Xie, J. L., Wang, R. S., Wu, M. Y., Vaivadds, A., and Wang, S.: Features of separatrix regions in magnetic reconnection: Comparison of 2D particle-in-cell simulations and Cluster observations, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A11208, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015713&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015713&lt;/a&gt;, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lu, Q. M., Lu, S., Huang, C., Wu, M. Y., and Wang S.: Self-reinforcing process of the reconnection electric field in the electron diffusion region and onset of collisionless magnetic reconnection, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, 55, 085019, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/55/8/085019&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/55/8/085019&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Pritchett, P. L.: Relativistic electron production during guide field magnetic reconnection, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A10212, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JA011793&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA011793&lt;/a&gt;, 2006.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Pritchett, P. L. and Coroniti, F. V.: Three-dimensional collisionless magnetic reconnection in the presence of a guide field, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A01220, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JA009999&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA009999&lt;/a&gt;, 2004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Singh, N.: Computer experiments on the formation and dynamics of electric double layers, Plasma Phys., 22, 1–24, 1980.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Singh, N.: Double-layer formation, Plasma Phys., 24, 639–660, 1982.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Singh, N.: Electron holes as a common feature of double-layer-driven plasma waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 927–930, 2000.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Singh, N. and Khazanov, I.: Dynamic planar double layers: Filamentary substructures, electron holes and ion heating, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2262, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018480&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018480&lt;/a&gt;, 2003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Singh, N., Deverapalli, C., and Khazanov, I.: Comparison of electric fields and density structures seen in simulations and satellite observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L13108, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022920&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022920&lt;/a&gt;, 2005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Singh, N., Araveti, S., and Wells, E. B.: Mesoscale PIC simulation of double layers and electron holes affecting parallel and transverse accelerations of electrons and ions, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A00K09, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016323&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016323&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Vaivads, A., Khotyaintsev, Y., Andre, M., Retinò, A., Buchert, S. C., Rogers, B. N., Decreau, P., Paschmann, G., and Phan, T. D.: Structure of the magnetic reconnection diffusion region from four-spacecraft observations, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 105001, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.105001&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.105001&lt;/a&gt;, 2004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wang, R. S., Du, A. M., Nakamura, R., Lu, Q. M., Khotyaintsev, Y. V., Volwerk, M., Zhang, T. L., Kronberg, E. A., Daly, P. W., and Fazakerley, A. N.: Observation of multiple sub-cavities adjacent to single separatrix, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 2511–2517, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50537&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50537&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wang, R. S., Lu, Q. M., Khotyaintsev, Y. V., Volwerk, M., Du, A. M.,Nakamura, R., Gonzalez, W. D., Sun, X., Baumjohann, W., Li, X., Zhang, T. L., Fazakerley, A. N., Huang, C., and Wu, M. Y.: Observation of double layer in the separatrix region during magnetic reconnection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 4851–4858, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061157&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061157&lt;/a&gt;, 2014.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Xiao, F. L., Chen, L. X., Zhou, Q. H., He, H. Y., and Wen, Y. J.: Bounce-averaged acceleration of energetic electrons by whistler mode chorus in the magnetosphere, Chin. Phys. Lett., 24, 294–297, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Xiao, F. L., Chen, L. X., He, H. Y., and Zhou, Q. H.: Second-order resonant interaction of ring current protons with whister-mode waves, Chin. Phys. Lett., 25, 336–339, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Xiao, F. L., Zong, Q. G., Pu, Z. Y., Su, Z. P., Cao, J. B., He, J. S., Wang, Y. F., and Zheng, H. N.: Electron acceleration by whistler-mode waves around the magnetic null during 3D reconnection, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, 52, 052001, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/52/5/052001&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/52/5/052001&lt;/a&gt;, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>