<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="brief-report" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">NPG</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">NPG</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Nonlin. Processes Geophys.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1607-7946</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/npg-20-305-2013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Brief communication &quot;Spatial and temporal variation of wind power at hub height over Europe&quot;</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gisinger</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mayr</surname>
<given-names>G. J.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6661-9453</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Messner</surname>
<given-names>J. W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Stauffer</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>14</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>305</fpage>
<lpage>310</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2013 S. Gisinger et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://npg.copernicus.org/articles/20/305/2013/npg-20-305-2013.html">This article is available from https://npg.copernicus.org/articles/20/305/2013/npg-20-305-2013.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://npg.copernicus.org/articles/20/305/2013/npg-20-305-2013.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://npg.copernicus.org/articles/20/305/2013/npg-20-305-2013.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Wind power over Europe computed from two years of the new 100 m wind product
from ECMWF at 16 km horizontal resolution is 20% of maximum capacity of
an exemplary wind turbine power curve. This is five percent of maximum
capacity less than extrapolated from 10 m winds using model roughness in the
logarithmic law, but eight percent more than multiplying 10 m winds by a
constant factor of 1.28 as in a previous study. The result from the new data
set happens to be very close to the actual capacity factor of 21% for
European wind turbines (Boccard, 2009). The capacity factor in high power
regions between 50 and 58&amp;deg; N and most of northernmost Africa is almost
30%. The aggregation of wind power over Europe smooths onshore day-to-day
fluctuations to at most 7 percentage points during 80% of the year.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="6"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Baas, P., Bosveld, F.&amp;nbsp;C., Klein Baltink, H., and Holtslag, A. A.&amp;nbsp;M.: A Climatology of Nocturnal Low-Level Jets at Cabauw, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 48, 1627–1642, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009JAMC1965.1&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAMC1965.1&lt;/a&gt;, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Boccard, N.: Capacity factor of wind power realized values vs. estimates, Energy Policy, 37, 2679–2688, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.046&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.046&lt;/a&gt;, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Boccard, N.: Economic properties of wind power, Energy Policy, 38, 3232–3244, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.033&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.033&lt;/a&gt;, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Drechsel, S., Mayr, G.&amp;nbsp;J., Messner, J.&amp;nbsp;W., and Stauffer, R.: Wind speeds at heights crucial for wind energy: Measurements and verification of forecasts, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol.,  51, 1602–1617, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0247.1&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0247.1&lt;/a&gt;, 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">ECMWF: IFS DOCUMENTATION Cy37r2 Operational implementation 18 May 2011 PART IV: PHYSICAL PROCESSES, Tech. Rep. May, ECMWF, available at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ecmwf.int/research/ifsdocs/CY37r2/IFSPart4.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.ecmwf.int/research/ifsdocs/CY37r2/IFSPart4.pdf&lt;/a&gt; (last access: March 2013), 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Giebel, G.: A variance analysis of the capacity displaced by wind energy in Europe, Wind Energy, 10, 69–79, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hasche, B.: General statistics of geographically dispersed wind power, Wind Energy, 13, 773–784, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/we.397&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/we.397&lt;/a&gt;, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kiss, P. and Jánosi, I. M.: Limitations of wind power availability over Europe: a conceptual study, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 15, 803–813, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-15-803-2008&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-15-803-2008&lt;/a&gt;, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kiss, P., Varga, L., and Jánosi, I.&amp;nbsp;M.: Comparison of wind power estimates from the ECMWF reanalyses with direct turbine measurements, J. Renewable Sustain. Energy, 1, 033105, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3153903&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3153903&lt;/a&gt;, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Motta, M., Barthelmie, R.&amp;nbsp;J., and Vølund, P.: The influence of non-logarithmic wind speed profiles on potential power output at Danish offshore sites, Wind Energy, 8, 219–236, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/we.146&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/we.146&lt;/a&gt;, 2005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ploberger, W. and Krämer, W.: The CUSUM Test with OLS Residuals, Econometrica, 60, 271–285, 1992.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Roques, F., Hiroux, C., and Saguan, M.: Optimal wind power deployment in Europe – A portfolio approach, Energy Policy, 38, 3245–3256, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.048&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.048&lt;/a&gt;, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Uppala, S.&amp;nbsp;M., Kållberg, P.&amp;nbsp;W., Simmons, A.&amp;nbsp;J., Andrae, U., Bechtold, V. D.&amp;nbsp;C., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J.&amp;nbsp;K., Haseler, J., Hernandez, A., Kelly, G.&amp;nbsp;A., Li, X., Onogi, K., Saarinen, S., Sokka, N., Allan, R.&amp;nbsp;P., Andersson, E., Arpe, K., Balmaseda, M.&amp;nbsp;A., Beljaars, A. C.&amp;nbsp;M., Berg, L. V.&amp;nbsp;D., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Caires, S., Chevallier, F., Dethof, A., Dragosavac, M., Fisher, M., Fuentes, M., Hagemann, S., Hólm, E., Hoskins, B.&amp;nbsp;J., Isaksen, L., Janssen, P. A. E.&amp;nbsp;M., Jenne, R., Mcnally, A.&amp;nbsp;P., Mahfouf, J.-F., Morcrette, J.-J., Rayner, N.&amp;nbsp;A., Saunders, R.&amp;nbsp;W., Simon, P., Sterl, A., Trenberth, K.&amp;nbsp;E., Untch, A., Vasiljevic, D., Viterbo, P., and Woollen, J.: The ERA-40 re-analysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 2961–3012, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.176&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.176&lt;/a&gt;, 2005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">VESTAS: VESTAS V80-2.0MW, available at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kulak.com.pl/Wiatraki/pdf/vestas%20v80.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.kulak.com.pl/Wiatraki/pdf/vestas%20v80.pdf&lt;/a&gt;, last access: 22 July 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wanner, H., Brönnimann, S., Casty, C., Luterbacher, J., Schmutz, C., and David, B.: NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION  CONCEPTS AND STUDIES, Surv. Geophys., 22, 321–382, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014217317898&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014217317898&lt;/a&gt;, 2001.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>